Examene

1. Landmarks and topographic regions of cerebral portion of the head.
2. Peculiarities of the craniocerebral wounds debridement.
3. Landmarks and topographic triangles on the neck.
4. Rational incisions in case of the suprasternal phlegmon, stratigraphy and possible complications.
5. N. Pirogov – founder of operative surgery and topographic anatomy (primary contributions).
6. Age peculiarities in the structure of the cerebral portion of the head
7. Methods of hemostasis in dura mater venous sinus injury.
8. Topography of sternocleidomastoid region.
9. Topography of the lateral triangle of the neck.
10. Stratigraphy of genian region.
11. Maxillary sinus puncture.
12. Surgical approach to the thoracic duct on the neck.
13. Classification of surgical operations.
14. Deep region of the face.
15. Topography of scaleno-vertebral triangle.
16. Bone grafts and bone substitutes.
17. Notion: osteotomy, osteosynthesis, osteoplasty, bone resection and trepanation.
18. Topography of the tongue.
19. Stratigraphy of the temporal region.
20. Infraorbital anesthesia.
21. Surgery act - definition, stages by N. Burdenko requirements.
22. The Kroenlein scheme of the craniocerebral topography.
23. Hemostasis procedures in medial meningeal artery injury.
24. Particularly in primary surgical debridment of the neck wounds.
25. Bone defects replacements methods.
26. Topography of the phrenic nerves in the cervical region.
27. Maxillary sinus trepanation.
28. Surgical anatomy of the thoracic duct in the neck.
29. Outlet projection of terminal branches of trigeminal nerve.
30. Hemostasis methods in bleeding from the skull bones
31. Topography of the superficial cervical vessels and nerves.
32. Superior tracheostomy - indications, technique, possible earlier and late complications.
33. Transplantation of tissue - types of grafts, harvesting and conservation methods.
34. Surgical Anatomy of the mastoid region.
35. Anatomical argumentation of the rational incisions on the facial region.
36. Vein punctures technique.
37. Topography of mandibular nerve.
38. Cranioplasty - definition, indications, types of materials used.
39. Critical arterial segments on the neck - terrain reasoning.
40. Vein section technique.
41. Stratigraphy of frontoparietooccipital region.
42. Decompressive skull trepanation by Cushing.
43. Previsceral celluloadipose space of the neck - delimitation, content, possible ways of pus dissemination.
44. Temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis.
45. Borders and content of temporopterigoid, interpterigoid and pterigomandibular celluloadipose spaces.
46. Skull trepanation - definition, indications, methods.
47. Topography of the submandibular triangle.
48. Ligation of lingual artery - indications, access, preferred area.
49. Anatomical structures located in the parotid gland.
50. Osteoplastic skull trepanation by Olivecron and Wagner-Wolfe.
51. Celluloadipose spaces of the neck, practical importance.
52. Rational incisions on the neck in case of retrovisceral phlegmon.
53. Methods for preserving organs and tissues for transplantation.
54. Spaces of celluloadipose tissue and dissemination of the pus and hematoma in frontoparietooccipital region.
55. Plastic surgery methods of epicranial tissue defects.
56. Vagosimpatic block on the neck by A. Vishnevski.
57. Topography of facial nerve.
58. Methods of hemostasis in epicranial tissue bleeding.
59. Topography of the Pirogov’s triangle.
60. Denudation and ligation of the arteries (facial, maxillary and lingual).
61. Buccal floor topography.
62. Anatomical argumentation of rational incision on craniocerebral region.
63. Cervical fasciae by V. Shevkunenko.
64. Inferior tracheostomy - indications, technique, possible earlier and late complications.
65. Tuberal anesthesia.
66. Particularities of arterial supply of the epicranial layers.
67. Topography of the carotid triangle.
68. Surgical approach to the esophagus on the neck.
69. Pus diffusion in the deep region of the face.
70. Peculiarities of surgical debridement in maxillofacial wounds.
71. Temporomandibular joint arthroplasty and total joint replacement.
72. Report of the recurrent nerves with the trachea and esophagus in the cervical region.
73. Topography of maxillary nerve.
74. Topography of the hard and soft palate of the mouth.
75. Ligation of external carotide artery – indications, surgical access, the segment of choice.
76. Nerves surgery (neurorraphy, neurolysis, neurotomy, nerves plastic surgery).
77. Venous system of cerebral portion of the head, anastomoses and their practical significance.
78. Stratigraphy of parotidomasseteric region.
79. Peculiarities of surgical debridement in maxillofacial wounds.
80. Topography of interscalene space.
81. Landmarks and topographic regions of the facial portion of the head.
82. Topography of the ophthalmic nerve.
83. Dental nerve plexus anesthesia.
84. Blood vessels ligation in bleeding, sutures and grafting.
85. Topographic anatomy of the cerebral meninges.
86. Topography of the oral vestibule.
87. Palatinal anesthesia.
88. Sinocarotid reflexogen area.
89. Hematoma and pus collections paths of diffusion on the temporal region.
90. Pus diffusion in the buccal floor.
91.  Mandibular anesthesia.
92.  Topography of antescalene space.
93. The trepanation triangle and "square of attack" on the mastoid process.
94. Topography of maxillary teeth.
95. Maxillary nerve anesthesia (Pterygopalatine anesthesia).
96. Possible diffusion paths of pus collections of the lateral cervical triangle.
97. Intermeningeal spaces and cerebral cisterns and their content.
98. Topography of the maxillary artery.
99. Torusal anesthesia.
100. Areas of lymph drainage of thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct.
101. Arterial system of the head, anastomoses and their practical significance.
102. Communications of the orbit with adjacent regions.
103. Antrotomy – indications, operative stages, complications.
104. Rational incisions in case of the phlegmon of the medial neurovascular bundle of the neck.
105. Intermeningeal spaces and cerebral cisterns and their content.
106. Hallmarks of external and internal carotid arteries.
107. Manidibular nerve anesthesia at the oval foramina (infrazigomatic way).
108. Ligation of external carotide artery – indications, surgical access, the segment of choice.
109. The lodge and the sheath of the parotid gland.
110. Projection, composition and sintopy of the medial neurovascular bundle of the neck.
111. Conicotomy - indications, surgical technique.
112. Collateral circulation in ligation of the arteries (facial, maxillary and lingual).
113. The facial venous system, anastomoses and their practical importance.
114. Bichat fat body, clinic value.
115. Peripheral truncular anesthesia of the mandible.
116. Subclavian vein punctures.
117. The facial venous system, anastomoses and their practical importance.
118. Topography of mandibular teeth.
119. Incisive anesthesia.
120. Surgery in congenital fissures of the lips (heiloplasty).

1. Set of questions for the clinical anatomy practical exam (2023 academic year).

   Faculty of Medicine

   General definitions (notions )
   Clinical anatomy of the head
    Explain the pathways of spreading of pus from the deep region of the face
    Explain the spreading of pus from the floor of the mouth
    Explain different types of wounds in the face region
    Explain different types of incisions on the epicranial tissues
    Explain different stages of hemostasis in epicranial tissues
    Explain different methods of hemostasis in hemorrhages from the bones of the skull
    Explain different methods of hemostasis of the hemorrhage of middle meningeal injury
    Explain different methods of hemostasis in lesions of the sinuses of the dura mater
    What are the different incisions given in the facial region of the head
    Explain the types of incisions given in the surgical treatment of maxillofacial wounds
    Explain step by step how to do Maxillary sinus trepanation (Highmori), indications,
   technique
    Explain steps of scalping the wounds
    Explain how to do Antrotomy Give Definition, layers, intraoperative complications.

   Cervical region
    Explain the critical arterial supply of the neck – Explain the important Anatomical
   structures justifying its blood circulation
    Explain the boundaries of the Pirogov triangle on the neck, the muscle attachments and
   the structures determining its limits
    Explain pathways of spreading of pus from the lateral cervical triangle
    Explain the recurrent nerves and the muscle attachments with the trachea and esophagus
   in the cervical region, the practical importance
    Explain the surgical anatomy of the thoracic duct on the neck – the path, confluence,
   neighboring formations
    Explain the incisions given to drain the phlegmon of the facial sheath of the medial
   vascular bundle of the neck
    Explain the incisions given in suprasternal phlegmon, stratigraphy, complications.
    Explain the incisions on the neck in case of retrovisceral phlegmon, layers.
    Explain how will you surgically do management of neck wounds.
    Explain the incisions given for upper tracheostomy - indications, technique,
   complications.
    Explain the incisions in the lower tracheostomy - indications, technique, complications.
    Explain the incisions in conicotomy - indications, technique.
    Explain how will you perform tracheostomy in children.
    Explain how will you treat the puncture of the subclavicular vein - indications, technique,
   complications.
    Explain how will you treat the puncture of the internal jugular vein? Explain all the
   important structures anatomically

   Thoracic region
    Anatomy of the pleural costodiaphragmatic sinus – its limits, different structures and the
   depth.
    Explain the structures and topography of the heart and its components
    Explain the topography of the aortic arch and its branches, the relationship with the
   neighboring structures
    Explain the topography of the thoracic duct in the posterior mediastinum
    Explain Persistent arterial channel (Botallo) – concept, blood circulation changes.
    Explain what kind of incisions can be given to discharge pus from purulent mastitis and
   retromammary phlegmon
    Anatomical-clinical particularities in the pleural cavity puncture in case of hydrothorax.
    Anatomical-clinical particularities in the pleural cavity puncture in pneumothorax, the
   place of pre-election, the stratigraphy.
    Types of pneumothorax in chest trauma and their particularities
    Anatomical-clinical particularities of pericardial puncture and its complications.
    Clinical anatomy of the diaphragm.
    Anatomic-clinical argumentation of intercostal anesthesia.
   Abdominal region
    Demonstrate the projection of the organs on the antero-lateral abdominal wall.
    Topography of the ligamentous system of the liver, practical importance.
    Segmental scheme of the liver according to Couinaud, notion of segment, practical
   importance, vascularization, innervation, lymphatic drainage
    Anatomical-surgical principles in laparotom
    Anatomical argumentation of surgical approaches to the pancreas.
    ​​Meckel's diverticulum - concept, types, location, practical importance.
    The congenital megacolon (Hirschsprung disease), concept, morphofunctional changes.
    Umbilical fistulas, types in anatomic-functional aspect.
    Explain small intestine according by the Gubarev procedure.
    Classification of external abdominal hernias according to location, production
   mechanism and clinical signs.
    Surgical anatomy of inguinal hernias
    Explain the innervation and vascularization of the antero-lateral abdominal wall
   Lumbar region and retroperitoneal space
    Explain the radiation of pain in the region of the external genitalia and the antero-medial
   face of the thigh in case of ureteral disorders.
    Argue the possible approaches to the kidneys: extra and transperitoneal.
    Spinal puncture. The technique.
    Places of low resistance. Lumbar hernias.
    Retroperitoneal space. Boundaries and composition.
   Spine region
    Lumbar subarachnoid puncture, anatomic-clinical arguments, stratigraphy.

    Anatomical-clinical argumentation of epidural anesthesia, stratigraphy.
    Explain subarachnoid anesthesia anatomy-topographically
    Anatomical-clinical argumentation of spondylodesis of the spine - indications, types.
    Anatomical-clinical argumentation of vertebral laminectomy - indications, essence.
   Pelvis and perineum region.
    Notions of congenital malformations of the pelvic organs (exstrophy, diverticulitis,
   epispadias, hypospadias), operative principles.
    Layered access ways in the drainage of the prevesical space.
    Bladder puncture - indications, stratigraphy, technique.
    Possible approaches to the prostate.
    Puncture of rectouterine excavation (Douglas) through the bottom of the vaginal sac -
   indications, technique.
    Blockage of the pudendal nerve - indications, technique.
    Hemorrhoidectomy. Surgical anatomy.
   The upper limb
    Puncture of the shoulder joint.
    Ulnar joint, constitution, ligaments, vessels and nerves.
    Ulnar arterial anastomoses.
    The ways of spreading pus from the fascial lodges of the metacarpal of the hand.
    Typical incisions in commissural phlegmon, spread of pus.
    The ways of diffusion of purulence in tendovaginitis of the I and V fingers of the actual
   hand.
    Tography of the anatomical formations in the transverse sections of the proximal and
   distal phalanges (schematic drawing).
    The Panarites. Definition. Classification according to the morpho-clinical criterion.
    The projection of the joint lines on the phalanges of the fingers of the hand.
    The radial nerve compression syndrome in the ulnar region, mechanism, manifestations.
    Median nerve compression syndrome in the carpal tunnel, mechanism, manifestations.
    Ulnar nerve compression syndrome in the ulnar region, mechanism, manifestations.
    Displacement of bone fragments in fractures of the forearm bones at different levels.
    Ulnar arterial collateral blood circulation pathways.
    Puncture of the ulnar joint.

   The lower limb
    Possible ways of spreading pus from the gluteal region
    Possible ways of spreading pus from the coxofemoral joint.
    Prove the Quenu line.
    Femoral hernia. Femoral canal.
    Sciatic nerve projection.
    Possible ways of spreading pus from the popliteal fossa.
    Topografia articulaţiei genunchiului.

    What are the functional disorders manifested in tibial nerve damage at the levels of the
   popliteal fossa
    The position of the bone fragments and the lower limb in the femoral neck fracture.
    Anatomical cause of bone consolidation disorders in the distal third of the tibial bone.
    Particularities of collateral blood circulation in the arterial and venous system of the calf.
    Particularities of the collateral blood circulation in the arterial system at the level of the
   thigh and the gluteal region of the calf.
    Synovial bursae of the knee.

   Surgical instruments
    Surgical instruments for cutting
    Surgical instruments for hemostasis
    Surgical instruments for handling tissues
    Surgical instruments for exposure (distant).
    Surgical instruments for suturing.
    Surgical knots. Simple, surgical, square knot.

1. N. Pirogov - founder of topographical anatomy.
2. Arterial system of the head, anastomoses and their practical significance. Types of incisions on the head
region and their anatomical and surgical argument.
3. Projection of the abdominal organs on anterior- lateral wall of the abdomen. Types of laparotomy.
4. Content of subperitoneal "floor" of the pelvis. Communications with other regions.
5. Landmarks, limits and clinico-topografical division of anterolateral wall of abdomen. Organs projection.
6. Scapular arterial anastomozes Scheme. Critical and optimal level for axilar artery ligation.
7. Ways of pus dissemination from proper retroperitoneal space. Accesses to the retroperitoneal space organs
(kidneys, ureters, drainage in case of phlegmon).
8. Topography of the lateral wall of nasal region - vascularization, innervation. Maxillary sinus puncture,
indications, technique execution.
9. Main neurovascular bundle of the arm - sintopy in superior, medial and inferior thirds.
10. Areas of weakness of the diaphragm, content and importance.
11. The anatomotopografical particularities of external abdominal hernia, places of occurrence and methods of
plasty. Hernioplasty of posterior wall of the inguinal canal.
12. Cervical fascia according to V. Shevkunenko concept, content, practical importance. Cellular spaces and pus
spreading.
13. Clinical anatomy of the sternocleidomastoid region, layers and scalenovertebral triangle.
14. Obturator canal – walls, content, neurovascular elements sintopy. Clinical value.
15. Anatomotopografical particularities in direct inguinal hernia, production mechanism. Notion of herniotomy
and hernioplasty.
16. Clinical anatomy of the spleen (sintopy, scheletotopy, holotopy). Getting surgery of the spleen
(splenectomy).
17. Frontoparietooccipital region. Limits, layers, inervation, particularities in vascularization. The spread of
pathological collections (hematoma, abscess, phlegmon).
18. Projection, composition and sintopy of dorsal neurovascular bundle of the foot. The practical importance.
19. Topographic anatomy of the duodenum - the corelation with peritoneum, vascularization, innervation.
Concept of operations in case of perforating duodenal ulcer.
20. Meninges and intermeningiale spaces of the spinal cord. Spinal and lumbar puncture (stratigraphy,
indications).
21. Laws of N. Pirogov about neurovascular trunks and fascial sheaths. The practical importance.
22. Chopar şi Lisfranc joints – structure and practical importance.
23. Clinical anatomy of vagus nerves in abdominal cavity. Types of vagotomy.
24. Projection, composition and sintopy of medial neurovascular bundle of the neck.
25. How differentiate clinical lesion of the internal carotid artery from internal one? The optimal level of
external carotid artery ligation and complications that may occur.
26. The surgical anatomy of synovial sheaths and synovial bursae of the flexor digitorum tendons mm. Path in
the drain opening and features in tendovaginitis.
27. Topography of the phrenic nn. in the mediastinum, function.
28. Topography of the mezenterial sinuses in the peritoneal cavity, communications, practical
importance. Predilection places in pathological accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity.
29. Topography of antescalen space – limits, content, practical importance.
30. Surgical anatomy of humeral joint – ligaments, muscles, synovial bursaes, vascularization, inervation and
week places.
31. Peritoneal level of female pelvis. Puncture notion of Douglas recessus.

32. Inguinal space, limits, variants, practical importance. Notion of the hernioplasty.
33. Topography of the thoracic aorta, segments, branches.
34. Neurovascular pudendal bundle, pudendal canal – limits, practical significance. Pudendal anesthesia,
indications, technical execution.
35. Justify topographically the humeral head position in humeral dislocation. Weak places of the scapulohumeral joint capsule.
36. Draw the scheme of the arterial system of the stomach and liver.
37. Contemporary methods of studying clinical anatomy (topographic).
38. Sympathetic trunk and vegetative neural plexus in the retroperitoneal region. Definition of sympathectomy.
39. Radial nerve canal on arm – segment delimitations, content, practical significance. Definition of neurolysis.
40. Clinical anatomy of the large intestine. Critical areas of vascularization.
41. Abdomen - subdivision, peritoneal cavity, floors and their contents. Predilection places of pathological
collections accumulation, methods of diagnosis.
42. Critical areas in the vascularization of the large intestine, draw the scheme. The practical importance.
43. Syntopy of the axillar neurovascular bundle in the next triangles: clavipectoral, pectoral and subpectoral.
44. Parametral space. Relationship of the ureter with the uterine artery, practical significance.
45. Scheme of the femoral artery collaterals. Optimal and critical segment in the femoral artery ligation.
46. Topographic anatomy of the small intestine – vascularization, innervation, lymphatic drainage, mesenteric
sinuses.
47. Topography of the azygos, hemiazygos veins and the thoracic portion of the sympathetic trunk.
48. Topography of male and female ureters in the pelvis. Clinical significance.
49. Possible ways of pus spreading from axillary cavity. Surgical approach for drainage and opening of the
swollen.
50. The surgical anatomy of the hepatoduodenal lig., bilio-cystic triangle Budde or Callot. Clinical significance.
51. Skin innervation, sources and segmental appartenance of the nerves by regions.
52. Explain phonation and breathing disorders in thyroid goiter. Defenition of thyroidectomy, indications.
53. Topographico-anatomico peculiarities of kidney blood supply (extra and intraorganic). Definition of
nephrectomy.
54. Orbit communications with the surrounding regions – ways of pus spreading
55. The surgical anatomy of the posterior region of the forearm. Cellular spaces and surgical approach for
drainage and opening of the swollen.
56. Position of the bone fragments in humerus fracture distally from deltoid muscle insertion. Definition of
osteosynthesis.
57. Intermeningeal spaces and brain cisterns, their content, circulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the norm and
pathology.
58. Surgical anatomy of the femoral hernia. Plasty methods of deep femoral ring.
59. Topographical anatomy of the gluteal region – stratigraphy, vessels and nerves. Cellular spaces
communications and ways of pus spreading
60. Clinical anatomy of the spinal canal and spinal cord. Epidural blockade.
61. Limits and the triangles of the perineum, stratigraphy (the lower floor of the pelvis).
62. The surgical anatomy of the cervical trachea. Tracheostomy (types, technique).
63. Topographic anatomy of the sciatic nerve, projection line, relationship with anatomical structures along the
way. Sciatic nerve blockade.
64. Topographical anatomy of the rectum – relationship with peritoneum, vascularization, innervation, venous
reflux. Definition of hemorrhoidectomy.
65. Justify topographic the evolution of the median nerve compression syndrome in the carpal region, functional
disorders, hand position.
66. Inguinal region. Inguinal canal at the carriers and nonocarriers of hernia.
67. The surgical anatomy of the pericardium, sinuses, practical importance. Pericardium puncture.
68. Topography of the thyroid and parathyroid glands - vascularization, innervation.
69. Talocrural region. Locate the superficial neurovascular formations in the region.
70. Clinical anatomy of the mammary gland. Argumentation of typical incisions in case of mastitis.
71. Projection of facial artery, superficial temporal artery and the place for determining the pulse. Reasonable
incisions on the cerebral and facial regions of the head.

72. Abdominal lateral canals – limits, the pus spreading. Predilection sites of accumulation of the pathological
fluids
73. Parotido-maseteric region. Weak places of the parotid gland, possible ways of pus spreading.
74. Cellular spaces of the pelvic floor, possible ways of pus spreading. Types of paraproctitis according location
75. The surgical anatomy of the venous system of the lower limb. Safenectomy.
76. The surgical anatomy of the liver segmentation, practical significance. Notion about resection of the liver.
77. Trepanation triangle and "attack square" on mastoid processus, limits, projection, relationship with
connecting anatomical structure. Possible complications in trepanation.
78. What anatomical structures does prevertebralis fascia cover on the neck? Cellular communications of the
prevertebral space.
79. Clinical anatomy of the extrahepatic bile ducts. Definition of cholecystectomy.
80. Clinical anatomy of the infraclavicular region. Cellular spaces and access ways.
81. Antero-medial region of the thigh. Neurovascular femoral bundle – projection, components and sintopy.
82. Topographic anatomy of the subcutaneous pelvic floor. Purulent collections of the ischiorectal fossa.
83. Temporopterygoid and interpterygoid celluar space from deep facial region – delimitation, components,
communications.
84. Argue anatomo-topographic carpi ulnar canal syndrome (Guyon), indicate possible functional disorders,
hand position.
85. Landmarks and topographic divisions in the hand region. Accesses ways to the hand lodges.
86. Petit lumbar triangle and Grynfelt Lesgaft Kraus lumbar quadrangle (tetragon). Limits, practical importance.
87. The surgical anatomy of the abdominal cavity. Porto-caval anastomoses.
88. Topographic anatomy of the pancreas – vascularization, innervation, relationship with surrounding organs.
Access ways to the pancreas
89. The projection of the exit opening of the terminal branches of the trigeminal nerv, practical significance.
Anesthesia of the terminal branches of the trigeminal nerve.
90. The surgical anatomy of the inguinal canal. Clinico-anatomical criteria in differentiation of the direct
inguinal hernia from oblique one.
91. Clinical anatomy of the urinary bladder, urinary bladder malformations. Dissemination ways of the urinary
infiltrations in the urinary bladder injuries
92. Posterior wall of the axillary fossa - trilateral and quadrilateral orifices – delimitation and content.
Communications of the axillary adipose tissue.
93. Indicate the critical segments of arterial vascularization on the upper limb in drawing scheme. The practical
importance.
94. The surgical anatomy of the omental bursa, limits, practical significance.
95. The surgical anatomy of the cruropopliteal canal – limits, orifice, content.
96. Topographic anatomy of the paranephron – limits, content. Paranephron communications.
97. Anatomo-topographic peculiarities in the structure of oblique inguinal hernia, the production mechanism.
Hernioplasty of the inguinal canal.
98. Aponeurosis and fascial lodges of the metacarpal region, (drawing scheme). The practical importance.
99. Innervation of the anterior-lateral abdominal wall, the practical importance.
100. Canals, grooves and fascial lodges in the plantar region. Communication and practical importance.
101. The superficial venous system of antero-lateral abdominal wall. Venous porto-caval and cavo-caval
anastomoses. Clinical significance.
102. Gluteal region. Cellular spaces and possible ways of the pus spreading from gluteal region.
103. Vascular system of antero-lateral abdominal wall. Clinical significance.
104. The topography of medial malleolar canal, limits, syntopy of anatomical structures.
105. Constitution types, individual and age anatomical differentiation.
106. The syntopy and projection of anatomical structures of ulnar and radial neurovascular bundles on forearm.
107. The peritoneal cavity recesses, clinical significance. The term of internal hernia.
108. The scheme of collaterals of a. femuralis, the optimal and critical segments.
109. The topography of paracolon fatty tissue, limits, contents, ways of spreading of pus.
110. Deltoid region – limits, layers, nerves, vessels. Surgical approaches at subdeltoidean flegmon.
111. Topography of pleura – limits, pleural sinuses. Pleural punction.
112. Topography of abdominal part of esophagus, the rapport with vagus nerves and the peritoneum. Vagotomy.
113. Topography of the scapular region, vascularization, inervation, cellular spaces and ways of spreading of pus.

114. Topographical anatomy of vertebral canal. The anatomo-clinical argumentation of lombar punction.
115. The anatomotopographical particularities of congenital inguinal hernias.
116. Laparatomy. Types and stratigraphy of incisions on the white line. The term of laparascopy.
117. Gluteal region. Ways of spreading of pus from gluteal region.
118. Prevesical cellular spaces. Limits and practical importance.
119. The anatomo-clinical particularities of liver sanguine system, draw the scheme.
120. The ways of spreading of hematoma and pus from the temporal region. Incisions made for opening temporal
cellular spaces.
121. Topography of femoral triangle (Scarpa), limits, stratigarphy, syntopy and projection of neurovascular
bundle.
122. Ischiorectal fossa and pararectal abscess. Surgical approach and communication.
123. Particularities of vascularization of rectum. Hemorrhoidectomy.
124. Projection of facial artery, superficial temporal artery and the place of determination of pulse. Rational
incisions in facial and cerebral regions.
125. The main neurovascular bundle of the brachial region – syntopy in superior, medium and inferior 1/3.
126. The anterior osteofascial compartment of the leg. Limits, content, communication, projection, components
and syntopy of the tibial anterior neurovascular bundle.
127. Ways of spreading of pus from retroperitoneal space. Surgical approaches to the retroperitoneal space.
128. Cellular spaces of cervical region, ways of spreading of pus. Landmarks for opening the cellular spaces.
129. The topographical anatomy of portal venous system, tributary veins, deep porto-caval anastomosis and the
practical importance.
130. The limits and contents of carpal canal, syntopy of anatomical structures. The carpal canal communications
in proximal and distal directions. The term of carpal canal syndrome.
131. Posterior region of the leg. Projection, contents and syntopy of posterior tibial neurovascular bundle.
132. The medial neurovascular bundle of the neck. Bring arguments where to compress the carotid common
arteries for the hemostasis and the risks of venous bleeding in cervical region.
133. The topography of anatomical structures from the posterior mediastine.
134. The inguinal canal in normal and hernia. The term of inguinal space, practical importance. The contents of
inguinal canal.
135. The surgical anatomy of Parona-Pirogov cellular space from the forearm, ways of pus spreading. Surgical
approach for drainage of this space.
136. Lacuna musculorum and lacuna vasorum in subinguinal region – limits, contents (scheme).
137. The particularities in evolution of inflammatory-purulent process of the parotid gland, ways of spreading of
pus, clinical signs.
138. The surgical anatomy of the sheath of rectus abdominis muscle. Draw the scheme.
139. The surgical anatomy of azigos and hemiazigos veins.
140. The topography of vastoadductor canal (Hunter) – limits, orifices, content, syntopy.
141. The landmarks and the topographic regions in facial portion of the head, age particularities.
142. Projection and methods of indentification of interal jugular vein for the catheterization.
143. Limits, walls and content of axillary cavity, syntopy of neurovascular bundle elements at the level of
clavipectoral, pectoral and subpectoral triangles.
144. Typical seats of accumulation of the pathological fluid in peritoneal cavity. The mechanisms of spreading of
pus in acute appendicitis. Ways of spreading of pus from subhepatic space.
145. The topography of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve. The technic of anesthesia of the terminal
branches of the trigemen nerve.
146. Layers of the thoracic wall, vascularization and inervation. The topography of internal thoracic artery.
147. The syntopy of laryngeal nerves according to the trachea and the esophagus in cervical region. Clinical
importance.
148. The anatomo-topographical particularities in the ombelical hernia structure. The term of the hernioplasty in
ombelical hernia.
149. The surgical anatomy of the mamar gland, limits, vascularization, innervation.
150. The surgical anatomy of mastoid region, limits, vascularization, innervation.
151. The layers of antero-lateral abdominal wall in medial portion, vascularization and innervation.
152. The topographical anatomy of subperitoneal level of the pelvis.
153. The topographical argumentation of evolution of supinator canal syndrome, sensitive and motor disorder.

154. Limits, layers of temporal region.Vascularization, innervation, and cellular spaces.
155. The sinocarotid reflexogenic zone – the term, componence and importance.
156. The topography of the right and left pulmonary hilum, contents, and the syntopy in frontal and horizontal
plan.
157. The topography of supra- and infrapiriforme orifices in gluteal region – limits, contents, communication of
the region.
158. The descending of the testicle, peritoneovaginal canal – its role in congenital inguinal hernias. The term of
hydrocele.
159. The topography of the vagus nerves in thoracic cavity.
160. The topographical particularities of vascularization of epicranial tissues, the practical importance.
161. Ways of spreading of pus from fascial sheaths of the metacarpal region.
162. Cellular spaces and ways of spreading of pus and hematomas in the frontoparietooccipital region
163. The topography of thoracic part of the esophagus, anatomo – physiological constrictions, practical
importance.
164. The topographical anatomy of the spleen – vascularization, innervation.
165. The topography of anatomical structures of the axillary neurovascular bundle in subpectoral triangle. The
projection of axillary artery in the axillary cavity.
166. The topographical anatomy, scheletotopy and holotopy of kidneys. Surgical approaches for the kidneys.
167. Particularities of vascularization of epicranial tissues. Arguing the direction of the incisions made at this
level.
168. The topography of carotid triangle – limits, layers, neurovascular bundle.
169. The topographical anatomy of vertebral canal.
170. Clinical anatomy of the cavernous sinus. Bring arguments to prove the spreading of the pus from naso-labial
triangle in the cavernous sinus.
171. The layers structure of the anterior thorax, vascularization,
172. innervation. The intercostal nerves blockage.
173. The topographical anatomy of the anal triangle – landmarks, layers.
174. The topography of nerves in pelvic region –sacral plexus, sympathetic and parasympathetic plexus.
175. The topographical anatomy of antescalen space – limites, syntopy of the anatomical structures.
176. The scheme of critical arterial segments of superioк member. Lines of projection of blood vessels of the arm
and forearm.
177. The external abdominal hernia – definition, structure, anatomical classification.
178. The posterior arm region. The projection of anatomical structures.
179. The topography of the organs of the anterior mediastinum.
180. The topography of the leg – osteo-muscular sheaths, muscles, vessels, nerves.
181. The shockogenes zones of the abdominal cavity and the practical importance.
182. Surgical anatomy of the umbilical ring and channel in the child and adult.
183. The muscular layers in the anterior region of the forearm. Projection of vascular-nervous package.
184. The surgical anatomy of the spine - the structure, physiological curvatures in the sagittal and frontal planes,
ligaments.
185. Deep facial region - limits, vessels and nerves.
186. Segmental structure of the lungs, according to the International Nomenclature, practical utility.
187. Hip joint - structure, ligaments, vascularization, innervation.
188. Ways of dissemination of purulent collections from the celluloadipose space of the uterus (parametrium).
189. Topographic anatomy of the genian region - stratigraphy, vascularization, innervation.
190. Areas of lymphatic drainage of the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct.
191. Superficial and deep venous system of the lower leg, their role in venous reflux in normal and pathological
conditions. Safenectomie notion.
192. Spaces for cell-adipose tissue of the pelvis, scheme.
193. Clinical anatomy of the facial nerve. Rational incisions on the face.
194. The components and sintophy of neurovascular packages of the arm.
195. Topography of the phrenic n. in the cervical region.
196. Fascias of pelvis, scheme. The practical importance.
197. Report of the peritoneum to abdominal organs, scheme in the sagittal plane. Recesses of peritoneal cavity.
198. Venous system of the cerebral portion of the head, anastomosis and their clinical significance.

199. Topography of the ureters in the feminine pelvis. Practical significance.
200. Topographic anatomy of the posterior region of the leg - channel Gruber, vessels and nerves, possible ways
of purulent collections dissemination.
201. The surgical anatomy of the hand cellular spaces, practical importance.
202. Topography of ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal n.
203. Duodenal jejunal flexure topography, folds, recesses, Treitz ligament, the process of identification.
204. Topography of upper and lower musculoperonial channels, limits and content.
205. The surgical anatomy of intercostal space - vessels, nerves, practical importance. Anatomic and clinical
argumentation of pleural puncture.
206. Topography of the posterior region of the knee, popliteal fossa, limits, content, spreading of the pus.
207. Clinical anatomy of the cubital region - limits, vessels and nerves.
208. Topography of the lateral triangle of the neck - limits, division, vessels, nerves.
209. Topography of the cecum and vermiform appendix, appendix position to the cecum, relationship with
peritoneum, vascularization, innervation, recesses. Notion of apendectomy.
210. Stratigraphy of anterolateral abdominal wall in the lateral part, vascularization, innervation.
211. Clinical anatomy of the anteromedial region of the thigh - limits, stratigraphy, sintophy of anatomical
formations. Femoral hernia - notion.
212. Projection and sintophy of the popliteal neurovascular bundle. Access path.
213. Scheletotopy and holotopy of parotid and thyroid glands.
214. Projection of heart valves on the chest wall and argumentation of auscultation points.
215. Topography of anatomical formations of the posterior mediastinum, the practical importance.
216. Movement of bone fragments in fractured humerus above the insertion of deltoid m.
217. The areas of compression on the lower limb in case of profuse bleeding.
218. The topography of the plant. Limits, content, pus spreading.
219. The topographic anatomy of pregastric and prehepatic bursa - limits the practical importance.
220. Distinguishing signs of external and internal carotid a., the practical importance. Projection line and accses
way.
221. Fasciocelular lodges of the leg and ways of pus disseminating.
222. The topographic anatomy of the parotidomasseteric region, boundaries, stratigraphy, vessels and nerves.
223. The surgical anatomy of the femoral canal. "Corona mortis". Hernioplasty notion of the femoral hernia.
224. Surgical anatomy of omental bursa, clinical importance.
225. Topographic peculiarities in the structure of sliding hernia.
226. Sintopy of the structures of the left and right renal pedicle, the position of vessels to the aorta and inferior
vena cava.
227. Peculiarities of age in the structure of the cerebral portion of the head, the clinical significance.
228. Possible ways of spreading of the pus from the hip joint.
229. The surgical anatomy of the liver segmentation. The practical importance.
230. Recesses and bursaes of the humeral joint.
231. Topography of the stomach - superficial ligaments vascularization and innervation, the practical importance.
232. The lodje and the fascial sheath of the parotid gland limits, vessels, nerves, Stenon duct projection.
233. Lumbar subarachnoid puncture anatomic and clinical argumentation, stratigraphy.
234. Bichat fat body in genian region, clinical value.
235. Topography of the Winslow (epiploic) orifice. Limits and practical importance.
236. Classification of panaritiums and flegmns of the hand.
237. Topographic anatomy of the anal triangle of perineum - stratigraphy.
238. Anesthesia in surgery of the hand region.
239. Topography of the interscalenic space in the lateral cervical triangle.
240. Retroperitoneal fascias and fat layers, cross-sectional schematic drawing. Their communications.
241. Anatomotopographic particularities of the structures of strangulated hernia.
242. Note the collateral blood circulation in case of ligature of femoral artery proximal to deep femoral artery.
243. Venous drainage of mammary gland and its role in spreading of metastasis in case of cancer. Mastectomy.
244. Surgical anatomy of urogenital triangle – limits, layers.
245. Topography of thoracic duct in posterior mediastinum.
246. Surgical anatomy of omental bursa – boundaries, practical significance.
247. Subdeltoid space – contents and ways of spreading of pus.

248. Landmarks, projections and triangles of cervical region, practical significance.
249. Draw transverse section scheme of carpian region.
250. The relationship of posterior circumflex humeral artery and axillary nerve to surgical neck of the humerus,
practical significance.
251. Venous system of the face, their connections, practical significance.
252. Surgical anatomy of lumbar region – boundaries, layers, vessels and nerves, ways of spreading of pus.
253. Fascial sheaths of the arm, contents. Rational incisions in case of phlegmon of the arm.
254. Osteomuscular landmarks, segments and curvatures of the vertebral column.
255. Subclavicular region. Spaces. Pectoral triangles boundaries. Syntopy of blood vessels and brachial plexus.
256. Topographic anatomy of maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve.
257. Notions about “pelvic levels”, draw a scheme.
258. Landmarks, bones, ligaments and orifices of the pelvis. Obstetrical dimensions of the pelvis.
259. Topographic anatomy of the infraclavicular region – boundaries, layers, vessels and nerves, spaces and its
communications. Surgical access to subclavicular spaces.
260. Topography of the pleural sinuses – limits. Pleural puncture.
261. Lumbar puncture – anatomic and clinical argumentation, landmarks, layers.
262. Clinical anatomy of shoulder girdle. Landmarks and topographic divisions.
263. Ways of spreading of pus from fascial sheaths of the thigh. Surgical access.
264. White line of the abdomen – characteristic, layers, weak points. Hernioplasty in white line hernias.
265. Topographic anatomy of proper retroperitoneal fat tissue – limits, ways of spreading of pus.
266. Ombilical peritoneal folds and inguinal fossae and their relationship to inguinal canal rings. Practical
significance.
267. Topographic anatomy of submandibular triangle – boundaries, layers, anatomical structure. Surgical access
in drainage of submandibular abscess.
268. Transverse section of the thigh in median 1/3, fascial sheaths (scheme). Practical significance.
269. Clinical anatomy of the large intestine, vascularization, critical zones in blood supply.
270. Lacuna musculorum et vasorum in the subinguinal space – boundaries, contents, communications with other
regions (draw a sketch).
271. Lumbar region. Limits, landmarks, layers and weak places. Practical significance.
272. Osteomuscular landmarks, boundaries and topographic regions of the thorax. Pleural puncture in case of
pneumothorax.
273. Topographic anatomy of the superficial vessels and nerves of the neck, practical significance. Anesthesia of
the superficial nerves of the neck.
274. Fascial sheaths of the leg, contents, muscles, vessels and nerves (draw a scheme). Communications.
275. Landmarks and topographic triangles of the neck. Projections of anatomical structures, practical
significance.
276. Clinical anatomy of the brachial plexus. Brachial plexus block.
277. Anatomical structures of the neck – draw a transverse section.
278. Cerebral part of the head. Landmarks, projection of anatomical structures and topographical regions.
279. Supramezocolonic space. Operations on the spleen.
280. Cricoconiotomy. Landmarks, layers of incision, technique.
281. Ways of spreading of pus in case of tenovaginitis of the 1’st and 5’th fingers of the hand. Incisions and
drainage.

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